Strategic Management - Readings in General Strategy
AGSM faculty papers marked with an *. Potential presenters papers marked with a §
General Books
*Davis, J and T Devinney (1997) The Essence of Corporate Strategy. Sydney: Allen & Unwin
Ghemawat, P. (1991) Commitment: The Dynamic of Strategy New York: The Free Press
Grant, R (1995) Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Malden: Blackwell.
Porter, M (1980) Competitive Strategy. New York: The Free Press.
Porter, M (1985) Competitive Advantage. New York: The Free Press.
Williamson, O E (ed.) (1990) Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond, New York: Oxford University Press
General Readings
Barnard, C (1938) "The Functions of the Executive" Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press
Barney, J B (1986) "Types of Competition and The Theory of Strategy: Toward and Integrative Framework," Academy of Management Review, 11, 791–800
Bowman, E H (1991) "Strategy Changes: Possible Worlds and Actual Minds," in J W Fredrickson (ed.) Perspectives on Strategic Management, New York: Harper Business, 9–37
Burgelman, R A (1983) "A Model of the Interaction of Strategic Behavior, Corporate Context, and the Concept of Strategy," Academy of Management Review, 8, 1, 61–70
Fredrickson, J W (1991) "Introduction: The Need for Perspectives," in J W Fredrickson, (ed.) Perspectives on Strategic Management, New York: Harper Business, 1–8
Ghaffee, E E (1985) "Three Models of Strategy," Academy of Management Review, 10, 1, 89–98
Hamel, G and C Prahalad (1989) "Strategic Intent," Harvard Business Review, 67, May/June, 63–76
Hamel, G and C Prahalad (1994) "Competing for the Future," Harvard Business Review, 72, July/August, 122–128
Henderson, B (1989) "The Origin of Strategy," Harvard Business Review, 67, November/December, 139–143
Lippman, S. and R. Rumelt (1982) "Uncertain Imitability: An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency Under Competition", Bell Journal of Economics, 13, 418–438.
Meyer, A (date) "What is Strategy’s Distinctive Competence," Journal of Management, 17, 4, 821–833
Mintzberg, H (date) "Opening Up the Definition of Strategy," Strategy Formation: Volume 1, Schools of Thought, New York: Prentice Hall
Mintzberg, H (1991) "Strategy Formation: Schools of Thought," in J W Fredrickson, (ed.) Perspectives on Strategic Management, New York: Harper Business, 105–235
Mintzberg, H (1990) "The Design School: Reconsidering the Basic Premises of Strategic Management," Strategic Management Journal, 11, 171–195
Mitroff, I I and R O Mason (1982) "Business Policy and Metaphysics: Some Philosophical Considerations," Academy of Management Review, 7, 3, 361–371
Schelling, T. (1960) The Strategy of Conflict, Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press.
Weick, K E (1987) "Substitutes for Strategy," in D J Teece (ed.) The Competitive Challenge, Harper and Row, New York, 221–233
Weigelt, K and I MacMillan (1988) "An Interactive Strategic Analysis Framework," Strategic Management Journal, 9, 27–40
Van de Ven, A H (1992) "Suggestions for Studying Strategy Process: A Research Note," Strategic Management Journal, 13, 169–188
Economics and Strategy
Barney, J and W Ouchi (eds.) (1986) Organizational Economics San Francisco, Jossey–Bass
Buckley, P, and J Michie (eds) (1996), Firms, Organizations and Contracts: A Reader in Industrial Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kay, J A (1991) "Economics and Business," The Economic Journal, 101, January, 57–63
Porter, M E (1981) "The Contributions of Industrial Organisation to Strategic Management," Academy of Management Review, 6(4) 609–620
Rumelt, R, Schendel, D and D Teece (1991) "Strategic Management and Economics," Strategic Management Journal, 12, 5–29
Schmalensee, R. (1988) "Industrial Economics: An Overview", The Economic Journal, 98, 643–668
Shapiro, C (1989) "The Theory of Business Strategy," Rand Journal of Economics, 20, 125–137
Teece. D. (1984) "Economic Analysis and Strategic Management" California Management Review, 26, 87–110
Transaction Cost Theory
Garvey, G (1993) "Does Hierarchical Governance Facilitate Adaption to Changed Circumstances? Some Formal Examples," Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 20, 2, 187–211
Jones, G and C W L Hill (1988) "Transaction Cost Analysis of Strategy–Structure Choice," Strategic Management Journal, 9, 159–172
Kay, J (1992) "Markets, False Hierarchies and the Evolution of the Modern Corporation," Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 17, 3, 315–333
Klein, B, R . Crawford, and A. Alchian (1978) "Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents and the Competitive Contracting Process" Journal of Law and Economics, 21, 297–326.
Nelson, R R (1991) "Why Do Firms Differ and How Much Does It Matter?" Strategic Management Journal, 12, 61–74
Stuckey, J and D White (1993) "When and When Not to Vertically Integrate," Sloan Management Review, 34, 3, Spring, 71–83
Williamson, O E and S G Winter, (eds.) (1991) The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution and Development, New York: Oxford University Press
Williamson, O E (1979) "Transaction–Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations," Journal of Law and Economics, 22, 233–261
Williamson, O E (1981) "The Economics of Organisation: The Transaction Cost Approach," American Journal of Sociology, 87, 548–577
Resource Based Theory
§Amit, R and P Shoemaker, (1993) "Strategic Assets and Organisational Rent," Strategic Management Journal, January
Barney, J (1991), "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage," Journal of Management, 17, 99–120
Dierickx, I. and K. Cool, (1989) "Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage" Management Science 35, 1504–1513.
Itami, H (1987) "Invisible Assets" from Mobilising Assets, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press
Mahoney, J T and J R Pandian (1992) "The Resource–Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management," Strategic Management Journal, 13, 363–380
Montgomery, C (ed.) (1995) Resource–Based and Evolutionary Theories of the Firm: Towards a Synthesis, Boston: Kluwer
Nelson, R R and S G Winter (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge MA: Belknap Press
Penrose, E. (1959) The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, New York: Wiley.
Prahalad, C.K. and G. Hamel (1990) "The Core Competence of the Corporation" Harvard Business Review, May–June, 79–91
Teece, D., Pisano, G. and A. Shuen (1997), "Dynamic Capabilities And Strategic Management," Strategic Management Journal, 18 (7), 509–533.
Wernerfelt, B (1984) "A Resource–Based View of the Firm," Strategic Management Journal, 5, 171–180
Competencies and Capabilities
*Brazell, J., Devinney, T., and D. Midgley (1998) "Customer Value and Strategic Competence: A Discrete Choice Experiment Approach," Working Paper, AGSM
Hamel, G and C K Prahalad (1990) "The Core Competence of the Corporation," Harvard Business Review, 68, May/June, 79–87
Leonard–Barton, D (1992) "Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New Product Development," Strategic Management Journal, 13, 111–125
*Powell, T (1992) "Strategic Planning as Competitive Advantage," Strategic Management Journal, 13, 551–558
*Powell, T (1995) "Total Quality Management as Competitive Advantage: A Review and Empirical Study," Strategic Management Journal, 16, 15–37
Stalk, G, Evans P and L Schulman (1992) "Competing on Capabilities," Harvard Business Review, 70, March/April, 57–69
Stalk, G (1988) "Time: The Next Source of Competitive Advantage," Harvard Business Review, 66, July/August, 41–51
Stalk, G and A Webber (1993) "Japan’s Dark Side of Time," Harvard Business Review, 71, July/August, 93–102
*Turner, D and M. Crawford (1998), Change Power: Capabilities that Drive Corporate Renewal. Sydney: Business & Professional Publishing.
Agency Theory
Bhattacharya, S and F Lafontaine (1995) "Double-Sided Moral Hazard and the Nature of Share Contracts," Rand Journal of Economics, 26, 4, 176–81
Fama, E F and M C Jensen (1983) "Separation of Ownership from Control," Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 301–325 (see Jensen below)
Grossman, S J and O D Hart (1983) "An Analysis of the Principal-Agent Problem," Econometrica, 51, January, 7–45
Jensen, M C and W H Meckling (1976) "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour and Ownership Structure," Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360 (see Jensen below)
Michael Jensen (1998) Foundations of Organizational Strategy. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, is worth examining for a general overview and includes the above noted material
Molho, I (1997) The Economics of Information, Lying and Cheating in Markets and Organizations. Malden: Blackwell
Sappington, D (1991) "Incentives in Principal–Agent Relationships," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 2, 45–66
Organisational Structure (Theory of the Firm)
Coase, R. (1937) "The Nature of the Firm" Economica, 4, 386–405.
Demsetz, H. (1967) "Towards a Theory of Property Rights" American Economic Review, 57, 347–359.
Greenwood, R, Hinings, C R and J Brown (1990) "P2–Form Strategic Management: Corporate Practices in Professional Partnerships," Academy of Management Journal, 4, 725–755
Miller, D (1987) "Strategy Making and Structure: Analysis and Implications for Performance," Academy of Management Journal, 30, 7–32
Mintzberg, H and A McHugh (1985) "Strategy Formation in an Adhocracy," Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 160–197
The section of the Journal of Economic Perspectives (12, 4, Fall 1998) entitled "The Firm and Its Boundaries" should also be examined
Barriers to Entry
Caves, R E and P Ghemawat (1992) "Identifying Mobility Barriers," Strategic Management Journal, 13, 1–12
Demsetz, H. (1973) "Industry Sturcture, Market Rivalry and Public Policy" Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 375–390.
Ghemawat, P (1991) Commitment: The Dynamic of Strategy, New York: The Free Press
Lieberman, M B (1987) "Excess Capacity as a Barrier to Entry: An Empirical Appraisal" Journal of Industrial Economics, 35, 607–627.
Lieberman, M B (1987) "The Learning Curve, Technological Barriers to Entry, and Competitive Survival in the Chemical Processing Industries," Strategic Management Journal, 10, 5, 431–447
Learning Curves/First Mover Advantage
Day, G and D Montgomery (1982) "Diagnosing the Experience Curve," Journal of Marketing, 47, Spring, 44–58
*Devinney, T (1987) "Entry and Learning," Management Science, 33, 6, 706–724
Golder, P and G Tellis (1993) "Pioneer Advantage: Marketing Logic or Marketing Legend?" Journal of Marketing Research, 30, 2, 158–171
Lieberman, M B (1987) "The Learning Curve, Diffusion and Competitive Strategy," Strategic Management Journal, 8, 5, Sept–Oct, P441–452
Robinson, W and C Fornell (1985) "Sources of Pioneer Advantage in Consumer Goods Industries," Journal of Marketing Research, 22, August, 305–317
Robinson, W, Fornell, C and M Sullivan (1992) "Are Market Pioneers Intrinsically Stronger than Later Entrants," Strategic Management Journal, 13, 609–624.
Spence, A M (1981) "The Learning Curve and Competition," The Bell Journal of Economics, 12, Spring, 49–70
Profitability
Buzzell, R D, Gale B T and R G M Sultan (1975) "Market Share – A Key to Profitability," Harvard Business Review, 53, 1, 97–106
Fisher, F. and J. McGowan (1983) "On the Misuse of Accounting Rates of Return to Infer Monopoly Profit", American Economic Review 73, 82–87.
Jacobsen, R (1988) "The Persistence of Abnormal Returns," Strategic Management Journal, 9, 415–430
Kaplan, R. and D. Norton (1993), "Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work", Harvard Business Review, September–October, 147
Kay, J and C Meyer (1986) "On the Application of Accounting Rates of Return", Economic Journal 96 199–207.
Ramanujam, V and N Venkatraman (1984) "An Inventory and Critique of Strategy Research Using the PIMS Data Base," Academy of Management Review, 9, 138–151
Yao, D A (1988) "Beyond the Reach of the Invisible Hand: Impediments to Economic Activity, Market Failures and Profitability," Strategic Management Journal, 9, 59–70
Schwalback, J (1991) "Profitability and Market Share: A Reflection on the Functional Relationship," Strategic Management Journal, 12, 299–306
*Waring, G (1996) "Industry Differences in the Persistence of Firm-Specific Returns," American Economic Review December, 86, 1253–1265
Issues on Industry Structure
Boulding, W and R Staelin (1990) "Environment, Market Share and Market Power," Management Science, 36, 1160–1177
Caves, R E (1980) "Industrial Organization, Corporate Strategy and Structure," Journal of Economic Literature, 18, March, 64–92
Harrigan, K R (1980) "Strategy Formulation in Declining Industries," Academy of Management Review, 5, 599–604
Hatten, K J and D E Schendel (1977) "Heterogeneity Within an Industry: Firm Conduct within the US Brewing Industry, 1952–71," Journal of Industrial Economics, 26, 97–113
Oster, S (1982) "Intraindustry Structure and the Ease of Strategic Change," Review of Economics and Statistics, 64, 376–383
Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy Boston MA The Free Press
Rumelt, R P (1991) "How Much Does Industry Matter?" Strategic Management Journal, 12, 167–185
Schmalensee, R (1985) "Do Markets Differ Much?" American Economic Review 75, 3, 341–351
Strategic Groups
Barney, J B and R E Hoskisson (1990) "Strategic Groups: Untested Assertions and Research Proposals," Managerial and Decision Economics, 11, 187–198
Cool, K O and D E Schendel (1987) "Strategic Group Formation and Performance: The Case of the US Pharmaceutical Industry, 1970–84," Management Science, 33, 1102–1124
Fiegenbaum, A and H Thomas (1990) "Strategic Groups and Performance: The US Insurance Industry, 1970–84" Strategic Management Journal, 11, 197–215
Hatten, K J and M L Hatten (1987) "Strategic Groups, Asymmetrical, Mobility Barriers and Contestability," Strategic Management Journal, 8, 329–342
Mascarenhas, B and D Aaker (1989) "Mobility Barriers and Strategic Groups," Strategic Management Journal, 10, 475–485
McGee, J and T Howard (1986) "Strategic Groups: Theory Research and Taxonomy," Strategic Management Journal, 7, 141–160
Reger, R K and A Huff, (1993) "Strategic Groups: A Cognitive Perspective," Strategic Management Journal, 14, 103–124
Thomas, H and N Venkatraman (1988) "Research on Strategic Groups: Progress and Prognosis," Journal of Management Studies, 25, 537–555
Portfolio Models/Product Interrelationship
Bulow, J, Geanakoplis, J and P Klemperer (1985) "Multimarket Oligopoly: Strategic Substitutes and Complements," Journal of Political Economy, 3, June, 488–511
*Devinney, T and D Stewart (1988) "Rethinking the Product Portfolio: A Generalized Investment Model," Management Science, 34, 9, 1080–1095
Hambrick, D C, MacMillan, I C and D L Day (1982) "Strategic Attributes and Performance in the BCG Matrix – a PIMS–Based Analysis," Academy of Management Review, 25, 510–531
§Wensley, R (1981) "Strategic Marketing: Betas, Boxes or Basics," Journal of Marketing, 45, Summer, 173–182
Diversification
§Amit, R and J Livnat (1988) "Diversification: A Synthesis," Academy of Management Review, 31, 154–156
Barton, S L (1988) "Diversification Strategy and Systematic Risk: Another Look," Academy of Management Review, 31, 166–175
Barton, S L and P J Gordon (1987) "Corporate Strategy Useful Perspective for the Study of Capital Structure," Academy of Management Review, 12, 67–75
Bettis, R A (1981) "Performance Differences in Related and Unrelated Diversified Firms," Strategic Management Journal, 2, 379–393
Burgelman, R A (1983) "A Process Model of Internal Corporate Venturing in the Diversified Major Firm," Administrative Science Quarterly, 8, 1, 61–70
Chatterjee, S and M Lubatkin (1990) "Corporate Mergers, Stockholder Diversification and Changes in Systematic Risk," Strategic Management Journal, 11, 255–268
Chatterjee, S and B Wernerfelt (1991) "The Link Between Resources and Types of Diversification: Theory and Evidence," Strategic Management Journal, 12, 33–48
Christensen, H K and C A Montgomery (1981) "Corporate Economic Performance: Diversification Strategy Versus Market Structure," Strategic Management Journal, 2, 327–343
Ginsberg, A (1990) "Connecting Diversification to Performance: A Sociocognitive Approach" Academy of Management Review, 15, 514–535
Hill, C W L and G Hansen (1991) "A Longitudinal Study of the Cause and Consequences of Diversification in the US Pharmaceutical Industry, 1977–1986," Strategic Management Journal, 12, 187–199
Kerr, J L (1985) "Diversification Strategies and Managerial Rewards: An Empirical Study," Academy of Management Journal, 28, 155–179
Lubatkin, M and R C Rogers (1989) "Diversification, Systematic Risk and Shareholder Return: A Capital Market Extension of Rumelt’s 1974 Study," Academy of Management Review, 32, 454–465
Montgomery, C A and H Singh (1984) "Diversification Strategy and Systematic Risk," Strategic Management Journal, 5, 181–191
Prahalad, C K and R A Bettis (1986) "The Dominant Logic: A New Linkage Between Diversity and Performance," Strategic Management Journal, 7, 485–501
Ramanujam, V and P Varadarajan (1989) "Research on Corporate Diversification: A Synthesis," Strategic Management Journal, 10, 523–552
Shleifer, A and R W Vishny (1991) "Takeovers in the ‘60s and the ‘80s: Evidence and Implications," Strategic Management Journal, 12, 51–59
Organisational Decision Making
Allison, G (1971) The Essence of Decision, Boston, Little Brown and Company.
Cohen, M D, March, J G and J P Olsen (1972) "A Garbage Can Model of Organisational Choice," Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 1–25
§Hickson, D J, Hinings, Lee, C A, Schneck, R E and J M Pennings (1971) "A Strategic Contingencies Theory of Intraorganisational Power," Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 216–229
Lindblom, C (1959) "The Science of Muddling Through," Public Administration Review, 19, 2, 79–88
Mintzberg, H, Raisinghani, D and A Theoret (1976) "The Structure of Unstructured Decision Processes," Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 246–275
Murray, E A Jr. (1978) "Strategic Choice as a Negotiated Outcome," Management Science, 24, 960–972
Pearce, J A II, Freeman, E B and R B Robinson Jr. (1987) "The Tenuous Link Between Formal Strategic Planning and Financial Performance," Academy of Management Review, 12, 4, 658–675
Pearce, J A II, Robbins, D K and R B Robinson Jr. (1987) "The Impact of Grand Strategy and Planning Formality on Financial Performance," Strategic Management Journal, 12, 4, 658–675
Pfeffer, J. and G Salancik (1978), The External Control of Organizations, New York, Harper and Row.
Schwenk, C R (1984) "Cognitive Simplification Processes in Strategic Decision–Making," Strategic Management Journal, 5, 111–128
Senge, P (1990) The Fifth Discipline, New York: Doubleday
Simon, H (1986) "Rationality in Psychology and Economics," Journal of Business, 59, 4 PtII, S209–S224
Simon, H (1987) "Making Management Decisions: The Role of Intuition and Emotion," Academy of Management Executive, Feb, 57–64
§Starbuck, W H (1983) "Organisations as Action Generators," American Sociological Review, 48, 91–102
Environmental Influences on Strategy
Dutton, J M and R D Freedman (1985) "External Environment and Internal Strategies: Calculating, Experimenting and Imitating in Organisations," Advances in Strategic Management," 3, 39–67
Eisenhardt, K M and L J Bourgeois III (1988) "Politics of Strategic Decision Making in High–Velocity Environments: Toward a Midrange Theory," Academy of Management Journal, 31, 737–770
Hambrick, D (1982) "Environmental Scanning and Organisational Strategy," Strategic Management Journal, 3, 159–174
Business Processes
Barlett, C and S Ghoshal (1994) "Changing the Role of Top Management: Beyond Strategy to Purpose," Harvard Business Review, 72, November/December, 79–88
Barlett, C and S Ghoshal (1995) "Changing the Role of Top Management: Beyond Structure to Process," Harvard Business Review, 73, January/February, 86–96
Barlett, C and S Ghoshal (1995) "Changing the Role of Top Management: Beyond Systems to People," Harvard Business Review, 73, May/June, 132–142
Norman, R and R Ramirez (1993) "From Value Chain to Value Constellation: Designing Interactive Strategy," Harvard Business Review, 71, July/August, 65–77
The entire Strategic Management Journal Summer 1992 special issue on strategy process research should be examined
Networks
Jarillo, J C (1988) "On Strategic Networks," Strategic Management Journal, 9, 1, 31–41
Nohria N and D Eccles (ed.) (1992) Networks and Organizations, Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Thorelli, H B (1986) "Networks: Between Markets and Hierarchies," Strategic Management Journal, 7, 1, Jan–Feb, 37–51
Wasserman, S and K Faust (1994) Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Knowledge
Almeida, P (1996), "Knowledge Sourcing by Foreign Multinationals: Patent Citation Analysis in the US Semiconductor Industry," Strategic Management Journal. 17: 155–165
Appleyard, M (1996), "How Does Knowledge Flow? Interfirm Patterns in the Semiconductor Industry," Strategic Management Journal. 17: 137–154
Boisot, M (1998), Knowledge Assets: Securing Competitive Advantage in the Information Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Hedlund G (1994), A Model of Knowledge Management and the N-Form Corporation, Strategic Management Journal, 15 (Special Issue), 73–90
Kogut B and U Zander (1993), Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation, Journal of International Business Studies, 24 (4), 625–45 plus the follow-ups of this article by: Love (399–407), McFetridge (409–15), and Kogut & Zander (417–26), Journal of International Business Studies, 26 (2), 1995.
Liebeskind, J, et al (1996), "Social Networks, Learning, and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms," Organization Science. 7 (4): 428–443
Mowery, D, J Oxley, et al (1996), "Strategic Alliances and Interfirm Knowledge Transfer," Strategic Management Journal. 17: 77–91
Nonaka, I (1991) "The Knowledge Creating Company," Harvard Business Review, 69, November/December, 96–104
Nonaka, I (1994), "A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation," Organization Science. 5 (1): 14–37
Pisano, G (1994), "Knowledge, Integration, and the Locus of Learning: An Empirical Analysis of Process Development," Strategic Management Journal. 15: 85–100
Spender, J C (1996), "Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm," Strategic Management Journal. 17: 45–62
Generic Strategies
Hill, C W L (1988) "Differentiation Versus Low Cost or Differentiation and Low Cost: A Contingency Framework," Academy of Management Review, 13, 401–412
Karnani, A (1984) "Generic Competitive Strategies – An Analytical Approach," Strategic Management Journal, 5, 367–380
Murray, A I (1988) "A Contingency View of Porter’s ‘Generic Strategies’," Academy of Management Review, 13, 390–400
Oliva, T A, Day D L and I MacMillan (1988) "A Generic Model of Competitive Dynamics," Academy of Management Review, 13, 374–389
Porter, M. (1996) "What is Strategy" Harvard Business Review, November–December, 61–80
Strategic Response
§Camerer, C (1991) "Does Strategy Research Need Game Theory?" Strategic Management Journal, 12, 137–152
Dixit A and B Nalebuff (1991) Thinking Strategically. New York: Norton
Ghemawat, P (1997) Games Businesses Play. Cambridge MA: MIT Press
Postrel, S (1991) "Burning Your Britches Behind You: Can Policy Scholars Bank on Game Theory?" Strategic Management Journal, 12, 153–155
Saloner, G (1991) "Modeling, Game Theory and Strategic Management," Strategic Management Journal, 12, 119–36
Strategic Implementation
Bourgeois, L J III and D R Brodwin (1984) "Strategic Implementation: Five Approaches to an Elusive Phenomenon," Strategic Management Journal, 5, 241–264
Gupta, A K (1987) "SBU Strategies, Corporate–SBU Relations, and SBU Effectiveness in Strategy Implementation," Academy of Management Journal, 30, 477–500
Mintzberg, H (1994) The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning. New York: Prentice Hall
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